Zen water filter system10/5/2023 ![]() The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA. All raw FISH images are deposited here: (ref. 112) and all viral genomes are available at (ref. All previously unpublished genomes used in this study are available in figshare (ref. ![]() ![]() julieae from HURL were newly reconstructed in this investigation (Supplementary Table 2). crystalense from CG are publicly accessible from NCBI (accession numbers in Supplementary Table 2). SAGs generated in a previous study 20 ( n = 219) were retrieved from the Joint Genome Institute’s Integrated Microbial Genomes and Microbiomes database 111 (Supplementary Table 3). Metagenomic datasets generated from the CG 20, 27 ecosystem in 2009, 20 ( n = 66) and the HURL 24 environment ( n = 2) were downloaded from the NCBI SRA in April 2019 (Supplementary Table 1). By expanding our analysis to 7,012 archaeal genomes, we suggest that CRISPR–Cas targeting of genomes associated with symbiotic archaea evolved independently in various archaeal lineages. Metabolic interaction modelling also reveals complementation between host–episymbiont systems, on the basis of which we propose that episymbionts are either parasitic or mutualistic depending on the genotype of the host. Huberiarchaeum and that some of these spacers are expressed in situ. horonobense, respectively, match putative essential genes in their episymbionts’ genomes of the genus Ca. Using meta-omics datasets from Crystal Geyser and Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory, we find that CRISPR spacers of the hosts Candidatus Altiarchaeum crystalense and Ca. Here, we show using metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and single-cell genomics that CRISPR systems of widespread, uncultivated archaea can also target chromosomal DNA of archaeal episymbionts of the DPANN superphylum. Probst ORCID: /0000-0002-9392-6544 1, 2, 12, 13ĬRISPR–Cas systems defend prokaryotic cells from invasive DNA of viruses, plasmids and other mobile genetic elements. A predicted CRISPR-mediated symbiosis between uncultivated archaea
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